十數年潛心研究 著名學者劉東汶破譯漢字形成發展的奧秘
十數年潛心研究 著名學者劉東汶破譯漢字形成發展的奧秘
——簡介劉東汶著《神奇智慧的古漢字》一書
Study on the Mysteries of the formation and Development of Chinese characters deciphered by Liu Dongwen， a famous scholar， for more than ten years
由中央黨校出版社出版的劉東汶著：《神奇智慧的古漢字》一書，已經出版問世了。
作者劉東汶是全國理論界知名人士（請見光明日報1994，6，17頭版名單），四十年來全國一流報刊發表過他的許多有分量、有重大影響的論文達300餘萬字，出版他專著、主編圖書十餘種，文字達600萬字。此外，還有包括推廣首鋼承包制、速免農業稅、大力發揚正能量等重大對策建議，得到國家採納。
《神奇智慧的古漢字》一書，是作者自2006年始至今十數年潛心研究的心血之作。在國內外，漢字字義研究著作汗牛充棟，但多是炒作如許慎等大家的訓詁而成的著作。劉東汶則另闢蹊徑，從萌芽和初創時期的漢字（主要是甲骨文階段，有文字1700個）；到艱難成長時期的漢字，主要是金文、大篆、秦統一中國的小篆階段，漢字有4000個；西漢、東漢兩朝，國家強盛安定，文字迅速增長，到公元100年東漢許慎作《說文》時，漢文字（以小篆書為主）規模達到9353個。此後，各封建朝代，不斷增加漢字數量，到清朝《康熙字典》漢字已經達到47002字。新中國推廣漢字簡體字化，但限制了那些內容反覆的漢字出現，把漢字規模確定在8000個範圍內，而常用字則為3500個。研究漢字的產生、成長，整個漢字字義的大致確立，迅速發展，以及簡體字化的歷史過程，從漢字的發展歷史出發，而不是從許慎等大家的訓詁出發，這是保障我們正確認識漢字形成規律、正確定義漢字字義的關鍵所在。包括許慎在內的諸多漢字大家們，限於歷史條件，他們中的大多數的人沒有見識甲骨文，對金文、篆書、石鼓文也不甚瞭解，因而對於初創時期的每個漢字字義的初心是難以理解的。因此，許慎等大家的學識是應當學習的，但需要批判地繼承。這就是劉東汶在十數年間對漢字精心研究時秉承的宗旨。
在國內外，劉東汶對漢字字義的研究開創了新途徑。早在2008年，香港中文大學的研討會給劉東汶的邀請函中，就高度評價他在漢字研究領域的“獨到建樹和突出成就”，邀請他蒞臨研討會講座，並給予指導。2008年元旦剛過，聯合國工會三位領導就當面邀請他去給聯合國官員們，在午餐時間作系列漢字講座。而我國全國人大、全國政協的多年年會上，許多的代表和委員也以劉東汶觀點來講漢字的識繁寫簡問題。
他揭示了漢字字義形成的規律，他把四五千年裡被人們看得神秘莫測的漢字密碼，清晰地揭示給世人觀看。把神鬼莫測的漢字還其來自人世間的生產、生活、以及還有人世間鬥爭的歷史，使人們感覺到漢字的歷史就是人們自己歷史，漢字就是人們所處的自然界，漢字就是人間社會的反映。
從傳說的倉頡造字，到甲骨文階段，漢字中的象形字基本確立起來了。這些象形字（也是人們感官可以辨識的字，又稱為感性字）就是漢字中的理性字得以大批產生和發展起來的源泉。在漢字中，這些象形字（感性字）是作為字的部首（又稱偏旁部首）出現的，在東漢許慎《說文》時部首有540個，到清朝《康熙字典》就只有300個。感性字部首是作為理性字的組成部分出現的。漢字中的絕大多數字是理性字，理性字是在感性字部首的組合和排列基礎上形成的。
無獨有偶，西方拼音文字的龐大字型檔是由300詞根透過加前後綴等途徑形成的。而漢字字型檔也是300個部首組成。看來東西方文化有曲徑通幽啊！
漢字透過兩個以上的部首結合，組成龐大的理性字量。縱觀漢字的形成歷史，每個理性字都是在少則幾百年，多則幾千年的歷史長河中才形成的。漢字從蠻荒中初創出來，到甲骨文階段（商朝時）有文字1700個，到金文、篆書階段，秦統一中國時文字有4000個，到東漢許慎有小篆體文字9353個，而後到清朝《康熙字典》楷書體文字有47002。新中國簡體文字有8000個。以許慎《說文》作為漢字成熟階段，那麼從甲骨文階段以來也有2000多年的歷史。由此，就可以清楚看到每個漢字的形成是何等艱辛，又是多少志士仁人前仆後繼、孜孜不倦探索的結果！對錶達客觀世界和主觀世界事物的每個漢字，也只有在這種條件下才能夠給出合乎事物發展規律的結論。而世界上各種拼音文字的形成卻是很不相同的，有的少則只需要幾年，幾十年，多則幾百年就能夠迅速形成。
漢字的字義形成既然是一個長達幾千年漫長的歷史過程，那麼就得從歷史發展中去尋找其正確的字義了。甲骨文階段是漢字初創時期，是漢字創造者們的初心的體現，因此，把握甲骨文中初創者的初心就顯得十分關鍵和必要了。甲骨文中，對於有具象的人的眼耳鼻舌身心形等均有其獨特的表現形式，對於金木水火土，對於禽類，對於獸類等，都是用簡潔具象的象形字來表現的，對於甲骨文中的象形字必須牢牢把握，靈活應用。只有把握了甲骨文階段，漢字的出現才不會是鬼神莫測的、與現實世界格格不入的東西。
漢字從甲骨文階段，發展到許慎《說文》的篆書階段，就字義上來講，毫無疑義是許慎《說文》階段比起甲骨文階段要準確和科學得多。同時也要看到，相當部分漢字的繁體字階段（或者稱為楷體階段）比起許慎的篆書階段，其字義也更科學和準確。
漢字在部首在不斷的組合排列中形成新的理性字。由於部首的具體含義不同，因此組成的理性字也就顯現千差萬別的特點來。漢字能夠透過部首的組成不同，從而準確劃分出每個漢字表達事物的不同類別。在同類部首的漢字裡，它們所表達的事物也往往具有共同的一些特質，因此，可以順藤摸瓜，舉一反三，迅速把事情理清楚。
把握住每個漢字是由那些個部首組成，同時又能夠理性地把握部首之間的聯絡，就能夠準確、科學地揭示出每個漢字的字義來。比如，貧窮，富裕，秋字等。比如，貧字由八+刀+貝等3個部首組成，指的是一個錢（貝）幾個人來分，像100元分給5個人，每人20元，能夠幹什麼？買一碗麵條就花光了。又如，窮字的繁體窮字由穴+身+弓等3個部首組成，指的是沒有住房居住，只好居住於洞穴之中，洞穴還很小，身體得弓著才能夠進出；表示這戶人家不僅生活上困難，而且活動空間也非常窄小，這就是窮字的含義。富裕二字也是緊密與人們日常生活聯絡在一起的。先看裕字，由衣+谷等2個部首組成，指的是這戶人家有衣服穿，有五穀的飯來吃，也就是俗語衣食不缺，這當然是富裕之家了。說實話，衣食不缺的日字，在古代是人們十分盼望的，但是卻是難以實現的；對於中國人民來說，不再缺衣少食的歲月也不過30幾年光景啊！再看富字，它與窮正相反，富字由
宀
+一+口+田等4個部首組成。
宀
+一表示的是房子；口在一般情況下，表示進出口等意思，但在富字裡，表示的就是人口，勞動力的意思；田表示的是已經開墾好的、可以種植莊稼的熟土。這是幾千年前中國農耕經濟條件下，人們對於富的理解：就是有勞動力，有耕地，就可以透過男耕女織創造出財富來；而住房就是創造出來的財富，住房能夠保障勞動力和家庭人口的不斷繁衍生息。這個富字所包含的內容，現代社會條件下，政治經濟學的概括也不外乎這些內容吧！
秋字由禾+火等2個部首組成，禾苗像著火的時候就是深秋季節來臨。萬木霜天紅爛漫，稻粱等莊稼一片金黃色，這就是秋天！
進字的繁體進字由隹+辶等2個部首組成。隹字是短尾巴鳥的象形字。雞鴨鵝就是由野生的短尾巴鳥馴養好的禽類，大家注意過它們這些隹有沒有向後走的，有沒有向後飛的？沒有！雞鴨鵝只會往前飛，只會往前走。那麼，它們怎麼往後走，往後飛呢？得拐彎！而人和哺乳動物，包括昆蟲，魚類，蟲類，都可以在立定狀態下，可以立即開始往前或者往後的動作！漢字造字先祖們在150萬種動物中，獨獨選取隹這種動物來解釋什麼是進，多麼的神奇啊！
同樣的部首組成的漢字，其字義也會因為部首各自所處的位置不同而字義不同。比如，同是木+日等2部首組成的字部首位置不同，其字義迥異：1東字的繁體字東表達的是紅日初升，紅日升起在樹木中的那個方向就是東方；2杲字表達的是早晨八九點鐘時，升起在樹木樹梢，紅日蒸蒸日上，朝氣蓬勃，光芒萬丈，這種精神就是人們應該學習的榜樣；3杳字表達的是紅日西墜，已經落下在樹木的根部下面了，這是的紅日哪裡能夠找到呢？因此，杳然，杳無音信這些詞語就要用杳字了。這多有意思，又多神秘！
漢字是神奇智慧的。與拼音文字不同，漢字具有科學性，漢字具有形象生動性，漢字具有簡潔直觀性。
本書對於歷來的漢字難認、難寫、難讀是一次徹底的解決。漢字將在人們心目中變得很容易親切和熟悉起來，好認，好讀；同時由於每個漢字形成的構成好記，因而日常書寫起來也顯得容易。一天學習掌握七八十個字及其字義，不再是神話。這對於外國人學習掌握中文，將提供一個前所未有的捷徑。
這本書是作者對於漢字字義的勇敢的、睿智的探索。作者表示願意與國內外漢字研究的志士仁人們一起，勇於探索，勤以思考，去奪取漢字研究的輝煌勝利！為中華文化、中華文明在世界的復興奮鬥前進吧！
（楚文材提供）
18-9-16
Study on the Mysteries of the formation and Development of Chinese characters deciphered by Liu Dongwen， a famous scholar， for more than ten years
A brief introduction to Liu Dongwen‘s book “Ancient Chinese characters of Magic Wisdom”
A book by Liu Dongwen， Ancient Chinese characters of Magic Wisdom， published by the Central Party School Press， has been published。
The author Liu Dongwen is a well-known figure in the national theoretical circle （see Guangming Daily 1994 / 617 front page list）。 In the past 40 years， many of his influential papers have been published in the country’s top newspapers and periodicals， and his monographs have been published in more than 3 million words。 Editor-in-chief books more than ten kinds， the text reaches 6 million words。 In addition， there are including the promotion of Shougang contract system， the rapid exemption of agricultural tax， vigorously promote positive energy and other major countermeasures and suggestions， has been adopted by the country。
Ancient Chinese characters of Magic Wisdom is the author‘s painstaking work since 2006。 At home and abroad， the study of the meaning of Chinese characters is full of books， but mostly hype such as careful exegesis。 Liu Dongwen took a different approach， from Chinese characters （mainly oracle inscriptions， with 1700 characters） in the budding and initial period， to the Chinese characters in the hard growing period， mainly the Jin script， the big seal characters， the small seal characters of the Qin Dynasty， and the small seal characters of the unification of China in the Qin Dynasty。 The Western Han Dynasty， the Eastern Han Dynasty， the strong and stable state， the rapid growth of the characters， by the year 100 AD， the Eastern Han Dynasty Xu Shen for “Shuo Wen”， the Chinese characters （small seal script mainly） the scale of 9353。 Since then， the feudal dynasties， increasing the number of Chinese characters by the Qing Dynasty Kangxi Dictionary has reached 47002 words。 New China popularizes simplified Chinese characters， but limits the emergence of Chinese characters with repeated contents， setting the size of Chinese characters in the range of 8，000， while the number of commonly used characters is 3500。 To study the generation and growth of Chinese characters， the general establishment and rapid development of the meaning of Chinese characters， and the historical process of simplified characters， starting from the history of the development of Chinese characters， rather than from the exegesis of Xu Shen and others。 This is to ensure that we correctly understand the formation of Chinese characters， correct The key to defining the meaning of Chinese characters。 Many Chinese characters， including Xu Shen， are limited to historical conditions。 Most of them have no knowledge of oracle inscriptions， nor do they know much about the Jin script， the seal script， and the stone drum script。 Therefore， it is difficult to understand the initial meaning of each Chinese character in the initial period。 Therefore， Xu Shen and so on everybody’s knowledge should study， but needs critically inherits。 This is Liu Dongwen in more than ten years of meticulous study of Chinese characters adhere to the purpose。
At home and abroad， Liu Dongwen‘s research on the meaning of Chinese characters opened a new way。 As early as 2008， in his letter of invitation to Liu Dongwen from the Chinese University of Hong Kong seminar， he was highly praised for his “unique achievements and outstanding achievements” in the field of Chinese character research。 He was invited to attend the seminar and give him guidance。 New Year’s Day just passed in 2008。 The three union leaders invited him personally to give a series of lectures on Chinese characters to UN officials at lunchtime。 At the annual meeting of the National people‘s Congress and the National Committee of the Chinese people’s political Consultative Conference， many deputies and committee members also spoke of the problem of Chinese characters from the viewpoint of Liu Dongwen。
He reveals the rules of the formation of the meaning of Chinese characters， and he clearly reveals the mysterious Chinese characters codes seen in the past four or five thousand years to the world。 By returning the mysterious Chinese characters from the production， life， and struggle in the world， people feel that the history of the Chinese characters is the history of the people themselves， and that the Chinese characters are the nature in which the people live。 Chinese characters are the reflection of human society。
From the legendary word Cangjie to the oracle-bone-writing stage， the pictographic characters in Chinese characters were basically established。 These pictographs （also known as perceptual characters） are the source of the emergence and development of rational characters in Chinese characters。 In the Chinese characters， these pictographs （perceptual characters） appeared as the radicals of the characters。 In the Eastern Han Dynasty， there were 540 radicals in Xu Shen and only 300 in the Kangxi Dictionary in the Qing Dynasty。 Perceptual word radical appears as part of rational word。 The vast majority of Chinese characters are rational characters， and rational characters are the combination and arrangement of perceptual characters。 Formed on the basis of a column。
Coincidentally， the huge library of Western phonetic characters is made up of 300 roots by adding affixes and so on。 The Chinese character library is also made up of 300 radicals。 It seems that the East and the West culture has twists and turns！
Chinese characters through the combination of two or more radicals， constitute a large number of rational words。 Throughout the history of the formation of Chinese characters， every rational word is formed in the long history of less than hundreds of years and more than thousands of years。 There were 1700 characters in the oracle bone stage （Shang Dynasty）， 4，000 characters in the Qin Dynasty when Qin unified China， and 9353 characters in the small seal script in the Eastern Han Dynasty。 Then to the Qing Dynasty， the Kangxi Dictionary in italics has 47002。 There are 8，000 simplified characters in New China。 Taking Xu Shen‘s “Shuo Wen” as the mature stage of Chinese characters， since the oracle bone inscription stage， It also has a history of more than 2000 years。 From this， we can clearly see the formation of each Chinese character is how difficult， but also how many people with lofty ideals after another， tireless exploration of the results！ It is only under this condition that every Chinese character expressing the objective world and the subjective world can draw a conclusion that conforms to the law of the development of things。 However， the formation of various phonetic characters in the world is very different， and some of them take only a few years， decades， and hundreds of years to form rapidly。
Since the formation of the meaning of Chinese characters is a long historical process for thousands of years， it is necessary to look for the correct meaning from the historical development。 The stage of oracle bone inscription is the initial stage of Chinese characters and the embodiment of the initial heart of the creators of Chinese characters。 Therefore， it is very important and necessary to grasp the initial heart of the initiators in oracle bone inscriptions。 In oracle bone inscriptions， the body， mind， body， and so on of the person whose eyes， ears， nose， tongue， etc have their own unique forms of expression。 For the golden wood， water， fire and soil， for birds， for animals and so on， they are all represented by concise figurative pictographs。 The pictographic characters in oracle bone inscriptions must be firmly grasped and applied flexibly。 Only grasp the Oracle stage。 The appearance of Chinese characters will not be unfathomable and incompatible with the real world。
From the oracle bone inscription stage to the seal script stage of Xu Shen， there is no doubt that Xu Shen’s stage is much more accurate and scientific than the oracle bone inscription stage。 At the same time， it should be seen that quite a part of the traditional Chinese characters stage （or italics stage） is more scientific and accurate than Xu Shen‘s seal script stage。
Chinese characters form new rational characters in the constant combination of radicals。 Because the specific meaning of the radical is different， the rational character of the composition is different。 Chinese characters can be accurately divided into different categories of things expressed by each Chinese character through different composition of their radicals。 In the Chinese characters of the same kind， the things they express often have some characteristics in common。
Grasp that each Chinese character is composed of those radicals， and at the same time can rationally grasp the relationship between the radicals， can accurately and scientifically reveal the meaning of each Chinese character。 For example， poverty， wealth， autumn， etc。 For example， the poor word is made up of three radicals， such as eight knives and shellfish， which refers to a few people who share money （shellfish）， like 100 yuan to 5 people， 20 yuan each， what can they do？ Buy a bowl of noodles and spend it all。 For example， the traditional character of the poor character is composed of three radicals， such as the cave body bow， which means that there is no house to live in and have to live in the cave。 The cave is still very small and the body has to bow in order to get in and out。 This family is not only difficult in life， but also very small space， which is the meaning of the word poor。 The word “rich” is also closely related to people’s daily life。 First look at the word Yu， by Yigu and other two members of the composition， refers to this family has clothes to wear， rice to eat grain， that is， the saying is not lack of clothing and food， of course， this is a rich family。 To tell the truth， in ancient times， people were looking forward to the Japanese characters， but it was difficult to realize。 For the Chinese people， the years of no food and clothing are only 30 years old！ When we look at the word “rich” again， it is the opposite of the word “poor”。 The composition of a radical。 Under normal circumstances， the mouth means import and export， but in the word rich， it means population and labor， and fields denote ripe soil that has been reclaimed and can be planted。 This is thousands of years ago under the conditions of China‘s agricultural economy， people for rich understanding： there is labor， arable land， you can create wealth through men and women； The housing is created wealth， housing can guarantee the labor force and the family population continue to multiply。 This rich word contains the content， under the modern society condition， the political economy summary also is no more than these contents！
Autumn characters are composed of two radicals， such as fire。 The late autumn season comes when the graminate is on fire。 Ten thousand wood frost red， rice and sorghum crops a golden yellow， this is autumn！
The traditional style of entering characters is composed of two radicals， such as the good hysteresis and so on。 The good word is the pictograph of the short-tailed bird。 Chickens， ducks and geese are birds domesticated by wild short-tailed birds。 Have you noticed if they are moving backward or flying backwards？ No Chickens， ducks and geese can only fly forward and only go forward。 So how do they go back and fly back？ We have to turn！ And humans and mammals， including insects， fish， insects， can start moving forward or back immediately in a stationary state！ Among the 1。5 million animals， the ancestors of Chinese characters only chose this kind of animal to explain what it is and how amazing it is。 Ah！
Chinese characters with the same radicals have different meanings because of their respective positions。 For example， the position of the word radical， which is composed of two radicals， is very different： 1the traditional character of East character expresses the rising of the red sun， the direction in which the red sun rises in the trees is the east； Gao characters express that at eight or nine o’clock in the morning， rising in the trees and trees， the red sun is booming， vigorous， brilliant， this spirit is the example that people should learn； The red sun has fallen under the roots of the trees。 Where can we find the red sun？ So， There was no news of these words。 How interesting and mysterious it is！
Chinese characters are magical and intelligent。 Different from phonetic characters， Chinese characters are scientific， vivid and concise。
This book for the history of Chinese characters difficult to recognize， difficult to write， difficult to read is a thorough solution。 Chinese characters will become very friendly and familiar in people‘s minds， easy to recognize， easy to read； at the same time， the formation of each Chinese character is easy to remember， so it is easy to write everyday。 Learning to master 70 or 80 words and their meanings in one day is no longer a myth。 This will provide an unprecedented shortcut for foreigners to learn to master Chinese。
This book is the author’s brave and wise exploration of the meaning of Chinese characters。 The author expresses his willingness to work with the talented people who study Chinese characters at home and abroad to explore and think hard to win the brilliant victory in the study of Chinese characters。 For the Chinese culture， Chinese civilization in the world in the revival of the struggle to advance！
（provided by Chu Wencai）
18-9-16