英語語法：Gerunds 動名詞
There are two kinds of verbs: finite verbs and non-finite verbs.
動詞分為限定性動詞和非限定性動詞。
Finite Verbs:
Finite verbs must agree with the number and person of its subject and they also show tense。
限定性動詞又叫謂語動詞，在句中充當謂語，在人稱和數上必須和主語保持一致，有時態變化。
★
Andy
likes
running in marathons。
Take the verb LIKE， it agrees with the subject Andy （the third person singular） and it shows us the simple present tense。
例句中動詞
LIKE
與主語
Andy
（第三人稱單數）人稱和數一致，使用的是一般現在時。
Non- Finite Verbs:
Non-finite verbs are not bound by person or number of the subject and they do not show tense。 There are three types of non-finite verbs： gerunds， infinitives and （present and past） participles。
非限定性動詞也叫非謂語動詞，在句中不可單獨作謂語，不受主語的人稱和數的限制，也不能決定時態的變化。非限定性動詞分三種：動名詞、不定式和分詞（現在分詞和過去分詞）。
Gerunds:
◆
Gerunds are verbs that function as a noun and are formed by adding -ing to the base form of a verb.
◆
動名詞是由動詞變化而來，是動詞作名詞的一種形式。
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一般情況下：原形動詞詞尾直接
+ ing
read - reading
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動詞以不發音
e
結尾：去
e + ing
dance - dancing
◇
動詞以重讀閉音節結尾：雙寫詞末子音字母
+ ing
cut-cutting
◇
動詞以
ie
結尾：變
ie
為
y + ing
lie - lying
◆
Just like nouns, gerunds can be used in many different situations. They can be used
◆
跟名詞一樣，動名詞在句中可以作不同的成分。
◇
as the subject
作主語
:
◇
You can use a gerund when you want to use a verb as the subject of a sentence or a phrase.
◇
如若想用動詞作為一個句子或短語的主語時，通常使用動名詞。
★
Smoking in public areas should be banned。
★
應該禁止在公共場所吸菸。
★
Sailing around the world is an adventure。
★
環球航行是一種冒險。
★
Eating too much sugar is bad for your teeth。
★
吃太多的糖對牙齒不好。
★
Swimming is good for your body。
★
游泳有益身體健康。
★
Eating in class is not allowed。
★
不允許在課堂上吃東西。
★
Volunteering is a great way to give back to your community。
★
做志願者是回饋社會的好方式。
★
Eating fruits and vegetables is important for a healthy diet。
★
多吃水果和蔬菜於健康飲食十分重要。
◇
動名詞常在“
It is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure
等名詞
+ doing
”結構中作主語，
IT
為形式主語。
★
It‘s no good trying to talk me out of leaving。
★
想說服我不離開，沒用。
★
It’s no use leaving a message， she never calls back anyway。
★
留言也沒用，她從不回電話。
★
It is a waste of time seeing that movie。
★
看那部電影是浪費時間。
◇
動名詞也可在“
There is no + doing
”結構中作主語。
★
There in no standing still in this life； one must either advance or fall behind。
★
在這樣的生活中沒用靜止不動的。一個人要麼前進、要麼後退。
★
There is no denying that she is very efficient。
★
她效率高是不可否認的。
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as the object
作賓語
:
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There are many common verbs and verb phrases that take gerunds as objects.
◆
有許多常見的動詞和動詞短語只能跟動名詞作賓語。
★
Andy detested being photographed。
★
安迪非常討厭拍照。
★
She loathed being the child of impoverished labourers。
★
她憎恨自己是貧困工人的孩子。
★
Do you fancy going out this evening？
★
今晚你想不想出去？
★
She imagined walking into the office and handing in her resignation。
★
她想象著自己走進辦公室，遞上辭呈。
★
It was an unpopular decision to postpone building the new hospital。
★
延遲興建新醫院的決定不得人心。
★
He proposed changing the name of the company。
★
他建議更改公司的名稱。
★
I can’t recall meeting her before。
★
我想不起來以前曾經見過她。
★
He bitterly resents being treated like a child。
★
他十分厭惡被別人當孩子對待。
★
The bank strongly resisted cutting interest rates。
★
銀行強烈反對降低利率。
★
He put off making a decision till he had more information。
★
在獲得詳情之前，他沒有急於做出決定。
★
I can’t stand working with people who always show up late。
★
我無法忍受與那些總是遲到的人一起工作。
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after prepositions and prepositional phrases
介詞或介詞短語之後，使用動名詞
:
★
Before completing university， she already had several job offers。
★
在大學畢業之前，她已經得到了多份工作邀請。
★
You should study instead of watching TV。
★
你應該學習，不應該看電視。
★
We are looking forward to making a trip to the Great Wall。
★
我們正期待著到長城一遊。
★
She walked out of the room， without saying a word。
★
她走出了房間，一句話也沒說。
★
I have been thinking of him nonstop since meeting him。
★
自從見過他之後，我就不停地想著他。
★
He hates all forms of creative expressions except writing。
★
除了寫作，他討厭所有形式的創造性表達。
★
After recovering from his injury， Andy retired from rugby。
★
傷愈後，安迪退出了橄欖球運動。
★
In spite of training for years， she got knocked out of the tournament in the first round。
★
儘管訓練了多年，她在第一輪就被淘汰出局。
★
I’m fed up with asking you to be quiet。
★
我已經厭倦了要求你保持安靜。
◇
在“
have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time (in) + doing
”，“
be busy (in) + doing
”，“
waste/lose time (in) + doing
浪費時間做某事”，“
There is no point (in) + doing
做某事沒有任何意義”等結構中，
IN
常省去。
★
Twins often have difficulty expressing themselves verbally。
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雙胞胎往往有言語表達方面的困難。
★
The children are busy doing their homework。
★
孩子們忙於做作業。
★
There is no pointing in taking your jacket， it’s really hot outside。
★
帶上外套沒用必要，外面真的很熱。
◇
How about doing…? / What about doing…?
★
How about listening to classical music？
★
聽點古典音樂怎麼樣？
★
What about going for a walk after supper？
★
晚飯後去散步如何？
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We use GO + a gerund when we’re talking about hobbies or recreational activities.
◆
“
GO +
動名詞”來談論愛好或娛樂活動。
★
go hiking
去徒步旅行
★
go swimming
去游泳
★
go fishing
去釣魚
★
go shopping
去逛街
★
go sightseeing
去觀光
動名詞的邏輯主語：
◆
當動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的邏輯主語不一致時，要在動名詞之前加上形容性物主代詞
(my, his, her, its, our, your, their)
或名詞所有格，作為其邏輯主語。
★
Andy’s being careless caused so much trouble。
★
安迪的粗心引起了諸多麻煩。
★
Can you imagine his saying such a thing？
★
你能想象他說出這樣的話嗎？
★
Cathy’s going there is of no help。
★
凱西去那兒也沒什麼用。
動名詞的完成時態：
having done
◆
如果強調動名詞表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生，常用動名詞的完成時態。
★
I have no idea of their having done such a thing。
★
我不知道他們做過這樣的事。
★
The man in the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager of the company。
★
角落裡的那個人承認自己對公司經理撒了謊。
★
I apologize for having broken my promise。
★
未遵守諾言，我道歉。
動名詞的被動態：
being done
◆
當動名詞的邏輯主語與動名詞的動作物件表示一種被動關係，用動名詞的被動態。當表示一個被動動作發生在謂語動作之前，用動名詞的被動完成時
having been done
。
★
China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from being attacked in the South China Sea。
★
近期，中國加強了對黃巖島附近海域的控制以防止中國漁船受到攻擊。
★
Three officers narrowly escaped being killed in the fierce battle。
★
在那次激烈的戰鬥中，三名軍官死裡逃生。
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Being exposed to sunlight for a long time is harmful to one’s skin。
★
長時間接觸陽光對面板有害。
★
She was proud of having being trained in the UK。
★
在英國接受過訓練，她很自豪。
動名詞的主動形式表被動意義：
◆
在動詞
need, require, want, deserve
後用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。
Be Worth +
動名詞，也是主動式表被動意義。
★
Your hair wants cutting。 You’d better have it done tomorrow。
★
你的頭髮該理了，最好明天就去理。
★
The outside of the house needs painting。
★
這房子外牆需要刷漆了。
★
The machine requires repairing。
★
這機器需要修理了。
★
This matter might be worth thinking about。
★
這件事可能值得考慮。
★
The clock is hardly worth repairing。
★
這檯鐘真不值得修理。
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