by後面加動詞什麼形式？

by的後面要加動詞的ing形式，

因為是by是介詞，介詞後面要加名詞、代詞賓格或者動名詞形式。by後面接動詞的時候需要用動名詞形式，即動詞的ing形式，意思是“透過某種方式”，例如：our minds are developed by learning。我們的大腦是靠學習開發的。

by的用法舉例

by的後面加動詞的ing形式

例句：He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers。他透過印刷著名作家的作品而獲得了巨大的財富。

Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise。 我們的身體是靠鍛鍊強壯的。

He made a living by teaching。他以教書為生。

You can learning English by watching English movies。你可以透過看英語電影來學習英語。

by+交通工具，表示憑藉、乘坐某種交通工具，在句中作方式狀語

例句： She went to Beijing by air。她乘飛機去的北京。

I ‘m going to Shanghai by train。我打算乘火車去上海。

They went to Qingdao by ship。他們坐輪船去的青島。

by+地點名詞.表方位，意為：“在…旁邊”

They searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path。他們搜尋了山頂，然後停下來在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。

by+名詞.可用來表方法、方式、手段等

Workers in big cities usually get paid by the hour。大城市裡的工人通常按小時獲得報酬。

by用於被動語態的句子中

He was praised by the teacher。他受到了老師的表揚。

The book was written by Xiaoming。這本書是小明寫的。

by後面也可以接人稱代詞

例句：I learn English by myself。我自學英語。