史上最全by用法考察
by ［baɪ］
prep。
靠近；在…旁邊；常置於表示被動的動詞後，表示使為者；表示方式
adv。
經過；表示保留或儲存時用；短暫拜訪
用法考證：
1、by+地點名詞，表方位，意為：“在……旁邊”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。表示位置“靠近，在……旁邊”相當於beside
Some people are drawing by （beside）the lake。一些人在湖邊畫畫。
She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path。她到了山頂，然後停下來在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。
a house by the river
河邊的一所房子
The telephone is by the window。
電話在窗戶旁邊。
Come and sit by me。
過來挨著我坐。
There is a pumping station by the river。河邊有個抽水站。
He lives by the sea。 他住在海濱。
He lives near the sea。 他住在離海不遠處。此時要注意它與介詞near有所不同，即by 表示的距離更“近”。
2、by+時間名詞，意為：“到……時，在……之前，不遲於；在…之前
”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of等。例句：By the end of last year，another new gymnasium had been completed。到去年年底，又有一座新體育館峻工了。
Can you finish the work by five o‘clock？
你五點鐘前能完成工作嗎？
I’ll have it done by tomorrow。
我將於明天之前讓人做完這件事。
By this time next week we‘ll be in New York。
下星期的這個時候我們將在紐約。
He ought to have arrived by now/by this time 。
他現在應該已經到了。
By the time （that） this letter reaches you I will have left the country。
你收到這封信時，我已離開這個國家了。
By eight o’clock he had arrived at my hotel。。。
到8點時，他已經到達我住的賓館了。
He ought to be here by now。他現在應該在這兒了。
Be here
by
four o‘clock。 （4：00之前到這兒。）
【經典考題】
How many English songs had you learned___
A_
__ the end of last term？
A. by B. with C. at D. in
解析： by the end of last term， 譯為”到上個學期末“。
3、by+名詞，可用來表方法、方式、手段等。
（1）by+the+可數的時間、長度、重量等名詞，意為：“按……計算”。如：by the pound/yard/meter/day/month等。
例句：Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour。城市裡的女清潔工通常按小時獲得報酬。
By my watch it is two o’clock。
我的表是兩點鐘。
I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened。
從她的臉色我可以看出，發生了可怕的事情。
By law， you are a child until you are 18。
按照法律規定，18歲之前是未成年人。
By也可以（表示程度、數量）
The bullet missed him by two inches。
子彈只差兩英寸就擊中他了。
House prices went up by 10%。
房價上漲了10%。
It would be better by far （= much better） to…
那比…好得多。
（2）by+交通工具、交通方式名詞，意為：“透過……，乘……”。還可以比較廣泛地用於表示透過什麼方式等，在句中主要用作方式狀語，其中通常不用冠詞或其他限定詞。如
by train/taxi/bus/truck/plane/water/air等。
go by bus / plane / train 乘汽車（飛機、火車）去
travel by land / sea / air 陸上（海上、空中）旅行
The house is heated by gas。
這房子是煤氣供暖的。
May I pay by cheque？
我能用支票付款嗎？
I will contact you by letter。
我會給你寫信聯絡的。
to travel by boat/bus/car/plane
乘船 / 公共汽車 / 轎車 / 飛機
to travel by air/land/sea
坐飛機；經陸路 / 海路
Switch it on by pressing this button。
按下這個開關啟動它。
注意，漢語說“步行”，英語習慣上用on foot， 而不用 by foot。
It takes a long time to go there by train，it`s quicker by bus。乘火車去那兒要花很長時間，公路比較快。
但是，若表示交通工具的名詞前插有定語修飾語，則也可以用冠詞。如：
We’re going by the 9：30 train。 我們坐9：30的火車去。
We went to Shanghai by a large ship。 我們乘一艘大船去上海。
They came here by the first bus。 他們是坐第一班車來的。
4、by+數量詞。
（1）表升降、增減的程度。如：by one-fifth/two feet等。
例句：With production up by 60%，the company has had another excellent year。產量上升了百分之六十，這家公司今年的業績極好。
The bullet missed him by two inches。
子彈只差兩英寸就擊中他了。
House prices went up by 10%。
房價上漲了10%。
It would be better by far （= much better） to…
那比…好得多。
Violent crime has
increased by
10 percent since last year。
暴力犯罪自去年以來增加了10%。
（2）表示距離和麵積、體積中的尺寸及乘除法中的運算。如：by 6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。
例句：The bed is three meters wide by two meters long，and can fit at least four at one time。那張床三米寬，兩米長，一次至少可以睡四個人。
4 divided by 2 is 2。 4除以2等於2。
5、by+身體部位名詞或衣服名詞，表示被抓住身體/衣物的某一部分。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns/sleeve等。表示被抓住身體/衣物的某一部分，常與動詞catch/seize/take/hold/grab等連用。
例句：The policeman caught the thief by the arm。警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
I took him by the hand。
我拉著他的手。
She seized her by the hair。
她揪住她的頭髮。
Pick it up by the handle！
抓著手柄把它提起來！
He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around。。。
他抓住她的肩膀把她的身子轉了過來。
6。用在表示被動的動詞後面，引出使動者或動作的行使者等
He was knocked down by a bus。
他被公共汽車撞倒了。
a play by Ibsen
易卜生寫的劇本
Who‘s that book by？
誰是那本書的作者？
I was frightened by the noise。
我被那響聲嚇壞了。
The feast was served by his mother and sisters。
這頓美餐是他母親和他的姐妹們準備的。
7。位置於不帶the 的名詞前表示原因：
They met by chance。
他們不期而遇。
I did it by mistake。
我誤做了這事。
The coroner’s verdict was ‘death by misadventure’。
驗屍官判定是“意外致死”。
表示透過什麼方式：
by phone 用電話 by telegram 用電報
by letter 用信件 by express 用快件
by air mail 用航空郵件 by ordinary mail 用平信
by post 用郵寄 by radio 用無線電
by hand 用手工 by machine 用機器
8表示獨立完成某事：
I didn‘t know if I could raise a child by myself。
我不知道自己是否能夠獨自養大一個孩子。
Sarah couldn’t move the heavy box
by herself
。。
Sarah不能獨自搬動這個重箱子。
9。
by +doing sth.
意為“透過做某事”，表示方式、方法、手段等，在句中做方式狀語。
【經典考題】
You can improve your English ___
B
___practicing more。
A。 by B。 with C。 of D。 in
注意： 對by引導的介詞短語作方式狀語， 提問時用how。
—— How do you study for a test？
——
By listening
to tapes。
by用於一些固定短語中， 如：
by the way 順便問；
one by one 一個接一個的；
step by step 一步步地；
day by day 一天接一天地；
by accident 偶然地…
by and by
不久；很快
By and by she met an old man with a beard。
她不久就碰到了一個大鬍子老頭。
abide by（=be faithful to ； obey）忠於；遵守。
by accident（=by chance， accidentally）偶然地，意外。 Without accident（=safely） 安全地，
arise from（=be caused by） 由…引起。
by birth 在出生上，論出身，按血統
stand by做好準備；準備行動；坐視不理；袖手旁觀；繼續支援（身處困境的人）；堅持，遵守，信守（原有的決定、承諾或宣言）
British and American warships are standing by to evacuate their citizens if necessary。。。
英國和美國的戰艦已準備好在必要時將本國公民撤離出去。
The Secretary of Defence has said that he would not stand by and let democracy be undermined。。。
國防部長已經表示自己不會坐視民主遭到破壞。
The police just stood by and watched as the missiles rained down on us。
當投擲物雨點似的落到我們頭上時，警察只是袖手旁觀。
How can one stand by and do nothing？
安能袖手旁觀？
I wouldn‘t break the law for a friend， but I would stand by her if she did。
我不會為朋友去犯法，但如果她犯了法的話我會支援她。
He says that he will stand by his men and he has rounded on his critics。
他說他會支援自己的部下，並且已經嚴厲譴責了他的批評者們。
The decision has been made and I have got to stand by it。
決定已經作出了，我必須要遵守。
He continues to insist that all he wrote in the book is nothing but the truth， and that he willstand by his word。
他仍堅持說，他在書裡寫的全都是事實，他會信守自己說過的話。
