閱讀理解真題解析：Rain Forests雨林中的動物如何使自己聞所未聞
託福【TOEFL】閱讀理解真題解析：
託福【TOEFL】閱讀理解真題
Scientists have discovered that animals are experts at exploiting weather conditions and the physical conditions of their environments so that they are heard or not heard， and seen or not seen。 The species living in rain forests must engineer their calls to accommodate all of the obstacles， such as leaf cover， that can
解析：
and degrade the sounds intended for a potential receiver。 Over， short， loud bursts of sound tend to be more effective than longer calls at cutting through the dense foliage。
There is no natural environment on Earth noisier than a virgin rain forest。 In the Peruvian rain forest， every species has developed clever or remarkably sophisticated strategies to ensure that its voice is heard。 The noise creates a real challenge for the smaller residents， such as male tree crickets， which need to get the attention of females， often from a relatively long distance。 Some species of crickets maximize the volume of their calls by chewing a hole in the middle of a leaf to create a sound baffle， similar to a stereo speaker。 The leaf functions as a speaker cabinet， with the cricket in the center acting as the speaker。
A species of tree frog in Borneo has an inventive approach to getting its mating call heard over the noise。 Mataphrenella sudana， which is only an inch long， has learned to exploit the sound properties of a water-filled hole in a tree in the same way that a person uses resonance， the intensification and enrichment of a sound by added vibration， in the shower to sing like a professional performer。 The frog searches for a suitable hole and then partially submerges itself in the water。 Its forte is the ability to adjust the frequency of its call to the size of the hole and play the tree like a musical instrument。 As it sits in the hole， it begins vocalizing at different frequencies until it hits the one note that makes the hole and tree resonate。
The time of day affects how sound travels in any environment， and this fact is not lost on animals and insects。 Early morning and late evening produce conditions that allow sound to travel greater distances than during the middle parts of the day。 Sound travels best at night， which is why the rain forest is so wonderfully noisy between dusk and dawn。 For species that sleep at night， dusk and dawn are their windows of opportunity to get the best resonance and distance out of a signal。 This is why animals， especially birds， tend to be more active and noisy in the early morning and late evening。 The British call the phenomenon of birds singing in the early morning the dawn chorus。 Because of the superior sound conditions， dusk and dawn are the times to conduct the serious business of attracting mates and defending territory。 For predators， it is the best time to track down their noisy prey。
Another way animals and insects ensure that their calls connect with the intended receivers is by developing their own specialized frequencies， which are determined primarily by the size of their bodies。 ［▇A］ Recently， a scientist visiting the Peruvian rain forest made an audiotape of a little of the night’s music。 ［▇B］ When he took the tape back to his lab and analyzed it， he discovered that this seemingly chaotic banquet of sound was actually highly ordered。 ［▇C］ Each animal and insect is tuned to and calling on its own species-specific frequency， in the same way that radio stations use different signals so that many stations can broadcast at the same time。 ［▇D］
Bernard Krause， a professor at the University of Oregon in Eugene， has found that in older tropical rain forests some species， such as the Asian paradise flycatcher， have become so specialized that their voices occupy several niches of the sound spectrum at the same time， thus laying territorial claim to several audio channels。 His recordings from undisturbed rain forests around the world demonstrate a remarkable stability in the combined voices of the residents from year to year。 The stability of the ambient sound gives each region a unique sound signature， or fingerprint。
How Animals in Rain Forests Make Themselves Heard
deflect
A。direction
B。volume
C。frequency
D。clarity
1.
The word “deflect” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A。To argue that crickets are a major source of noise in virgin rain forests
B。To help explain why it is difficult for many smaller animals to be heard in rain forests
C。To help explain why rain forests are noisier than other natural environments
D。To illustrate a sophisticated way of making a call heard in a rain forest
2.
A。contrast the ways in which humans and insects magnify their sounds
B。compare the ranges of sounds produced by humans and insects
C。support the claim that small size is a disadvantage for insects that produce calls
D。help explain how small insects magnify the sounds of their calls
Why does the author describe how some cricket species “maximize the volume of their calls”?
A。Finding a tree that has a hole of adequate size
B。Immersing part of its body in a water-filled hole
C。Aiming its call at a particular frog in a nearby tree
D。Trying out a number of distinct call frequencies Paragraph
3.The author mentions a “stereo speaker” in the passage in order to
A。There is more competition from other birds at these times。
B。These are the safest times for birds to sleep。
C。It is easier for predators to locate birds when so many are making noise。
D。There are the best times for birds to find prey。
4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT part of the process that the Borneo tree frog used to make its mating call heard?
A。dawn
B。the middle of the day
C。dusk
D。night
5.According to paragraph 4, what is a disadvantage of many birds all singing at dusk and dawn?
A。the specialized frequencies of the sounds made by animals are determined by their body size
B。the frequencies of sounds made by animals at night are generally random
C。animals and insects of particular species make sounds at specific frequencies
D。animal and insect calls differ depending on whether they are heard in the laboratory or outside in nature
6.It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that a tropical rain forest is most quiet at
A。Older rain forests have more varied sound frequencies than younger rain forests。
B。The patterns of sounds in rain forests are consistent over time。
C。The speed of sound movement can be affected by the location of the rain forest。
D。It is difficult to distinguish the atmospheric sound patterns of rain forests in one region from those in another。
9。Look at the four squares ［▇］ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage。 Where would the sentence best fit？
7.According to paragraph 5, a scientist recently visiting the Peruvian rain forest discovered that
10。Directions：
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below。 Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage。 Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage。 This questions is worth 2 points。Animal species in rain forests have developed a series of adaptations to make themselves heard。
A。Scientists have discovered that animals in rain forests adapt the length of their calls to overcome the barriers created by dense plant growth。
B。Many species of predators in rain forests prefer dawn rather than dusk as the best time to hear and pursue their prey。
C。Specialized frequencies facilitate sound transmission within species and also create regional sound environments that are highly stable。
D。Some smaller animals that live in rain forests use special strategies to increase the volume of their calls and the distance that their calls travel。
E。Because time of day affects how sound travels， many animals restrict their calls to either nighttime， when sound travels best， or dusk and dawn。
F。Research conducted in the Peruvian rain forest indicates that well-ordered periods of sound alternate with more chaotic sound periods。
8.According to paragraph 6, what did the research of Professor Krause indicate about sound in rain forests?
Indeed, there were numerous layers of sound, each clearly distinct from the others.
How Animals in Rain Forests Make Themselves Heard
科學家發現，動物是利用天氣條件和環境物理條件的專家，可以聽到或不聽到，看到或不看到它們。生活在熱帶雨林中的物種必須發出呼喚，以適應所有障礙物，例如樹葉覆蓋物，這些障礙物會偏轉和減弱預期接收者的聲音。在切開茂密的樹葉時，短而大聲的聲音往往比較長的通話更有效。
地球上沒有比原始雨林更嘈雜的自然環境。在秘魯的雨林中，每個物種都制定了聰明或非常複雜的策略，以確保聽到自己的聲音。噪音給較小的居民帶來了真正的挑戰，例如雄樹tree，這些樹need需要引起女性的注意，並且通常需要相對較長的距離。某些種類的of透過在葉子的中央嚼一個孔以產生聲音障板，從而最大化其通話音量，類似於立體聲揚聲器。葉片用作揚聲器箱，中間的板球充當揚聲器。
婆羅洲的一種樹蛙具有一種創新的方法，可以讓它的交配聲在噪音中聽到。只有一英寸長的馬塔菲蓮菌（Mataphrenella sudana）學會了利用樹木中充滿水的孔的聲音特性，就像人們在淋浴時利用共鳴，透過增加振動來增強和增強聲音一樣像專業表演者一樣唱歌。青蛙尋找合適的洞，然後將其自身部分浸入水中。它的長處是能夠根據孔的大小調整呼叫頻率，並像樂器一樣演奏樹。當它坐在洞中時，它開始以不同的頻率發聲，直到碰到使洞和樹產生共鳴的音符為止。
一天中的時間會影響聲音在任何環境中的傳播方式，這一事實不會在動物和昆蟲上消失。清晨和傍晚產生的條件允許聲音傳播的距離比一天中的中間時間更長。聲音在晚上傳播得最好，這就是為什麼雨林在黃昏和黎明之間如此嘈雜的聲音。對於夜晚，黃昏和黎明睡覺的物種，它們是獲得最佳共振和訊號距離的機會之窗。這就是為什麼動物（尤其是鳥類）在清晨和傍晚時分會更加活躍和嘈雜的原因。英國人稱鳥兒在清晨合唱中歌唱的現象。由於優越的聲音條件，黃昏和黎明是進行嚴肅的吸引伴侶和保衛領土事務的時代。對於掠食者。
動物和昆蟲確保他們的電話與目標接收者聯絡的另一種方式是開發自己的專用頻率，該頻率主要由它們的身體大小決定。最近，一位參觀秘魯雨林的科學家用錄音帶錄製了當晚的音樂。當他把錄音帶帶回實驗室並對其進行分析時，他發現這種看似混亂的聲音宴會實際上是高度有序的。每種動物和昆蟲都被調到並呼喚自己特定於物種的頻率，就像無線電臺使用不同的訊號一樣，因此許多電臺可以同時廣播。
俄勒岡州尤金大學的教授伯納德·克勞斯（Bernard Krause）發現，在古老的熱帶雨林中，某些物種（例如亞洲天堂捕蠅器）已經變得如此專業，以至於它們的聲音同時佔據了音譜的幾個壁ches，因此對數個音訊頻道提出領土要求。他的錄音來自世界各地未受干擾的雨林，顯示出居民每年聲音的穩定。環境聲音的穩定性為每個區域提供了獨特的聲音特徵或指紋。
雨林中的動物如何使自己聞所未聞
文章大意：
1。答題解析：選A。deflect是偏轉，改變方向，引導方向的意思。
2。答題解析：選D。本段主要內容對應第二句every species has developed clever or remarkably sophisticated strategies to ensure that its voice is heard。【每個物種都發展出聰明或非常複雜的策略來確保自己的聲音被聽到】原文Some species of crickets maximize the volume of their calls by chewing a hole in the middle of a leaf to create a sound baffle， similar to a stereo speaker。【一些種類的蟋蟀透過在葉子中間咀嚼一個洞來製造一個類似於立體聲揚聲器的隔音板來最大化它們的叫聲音量】是第二句話所述內容的一個例子，說明了sophisticated strategies。 故選D。
3。答題解析：選D。對應原文Some species of crickets maximize the volume of their calls by chewing a hole in the middle of a leaf to create a sound baffle， similar to a stereo speaker。【一些種類的蟋蟀透過在葉子中間咀嚼一個洞來製造一個類似於立體聲揚聲器的隔音板來最大化它們的叫聲音量】這裡主要在說maximize the volume of their calls。
4。答題解析：選C。The frog searches for a suitable hole and then partially submerges itself in the water。【青蛙尋找一個合適的洞，然後把自己部分地浸入水中】對應AB；Its forte is the ability to adjust the frequency of its call to the size of the hole【它的特長是能夠根據洞的大小調整叫聲的頻率】對應D。 選項C未提及。
5。答題解析：選C。 對應原文For predators， it is the best time to track down their noisy prey。【對於捕食者來說，這是追蹤喧鬧獵物的最佳時機】
6。答題解析：選B。原文提到Early morning and late evening produce conditions that allow sound to travel greater distances than during the middle parts of the day。【清晨和傍晚產生的條件使聲音比中午傳播的距離更遠】也就是說middle parts of the day期間，聲音傳播距離相對不遠，也就安靜。
7。答題解析：選C。對應原文When he took the tape back to his lab and analyzed it， he discovered that this seemingly chaotic banquet of sound was actually highly ordered。【當他把磁帶帶回實驗室進行分析時，他發現這種看似混亂的聲音盛宴實際上是高度有序的】
8。答題解析：選B。對應原文…have become so specialized that their voices occupy several niches of the sound spectrum at the same time… 選項B中are consistent over time是原句中so specialized的同義轉述。
9。答題解析：選C。原句在indeed表示讓步，該句說的是“聲音亂”，讓步句的前後意思都要和讓步句相反，所以該句前後的內容都應該是“聲音不亂”，故C位置合適。
10。答題解析：選CDE。C對應第五段主旨；D對應第二段主旨；E對應第四段主旨。
劉凱老師
解析：
劉凱，男，蒙古族，黑龍江省齊齊哈爾人。本科為哈爾濱師範大學英語系，碩士為北京理工大學。2010年赴美國賓夕法尼亞大學交流學習；2013年美國亞利桑那大學訪問學者；2015年澳大利亞新南威爾士大學ESL研修；2018年加州理工學院語言學雙學位獲得者；2019年赴澳大利亞麥考瑞大學交流習；GRE托福考試全球高分獲得者；榮獲長江商學院EMBA。
北京市優秀青年教師，北京市級重點高中示範校骨幹教師，多年高中一線執教經驗，高三年級把關教師，多次參與東城區模擬試題命題工作，教學理念先進，教學成果突出，多篇教學論文獲市區級獎項。多篇文章發表在《中國教育報》《中國考試》《北京教育》等報刊上。多次參加高考閱卷工作，參與人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各類高考教學用書的編寫工作，有豐富的備考經驗，國際核心期刊發表多篇論文。
教育部課題研究員，參與國家十二五課題計劃，並作出突出貢獻，參與初中、高中各年級區級試題的命制，多次承擔區級和市級研究課任務。北京市科技英語優秀指導教師，所帶學生在各級英語口語、作文競賽中多次獲獎；將紮實的英語基本功和嚴謹的學術思想作為教學的基礎，課堂上善於寓教於樂，資訊量大，內容豐富，使學生在和諧的課堂氣氛下欣賞英語、享受英語、掌握英語、運用英語。
2009-2012年期間，多次受邀在北京廣播電臺主持英語高考大綱解析及英語新課程改革節目，學術功底深厚，兼具偶像派與實力派特點，教風親切灑脫，詼諧幽默，思維開闊，屢有奇思妙想，善於引導學生學以致用，對高考動向把握極其準確，深受學生和家長歡迎。尤其擅長英語語法和單詞記憶法。
海外生活學習十年，社科人文類學科偏愛者；10年雅思教齡，知名教師培訓師；指導上萬考生快速衝刺雅思寫作、閱讀，平均分數7。5分；獨創“段落清空”、極簡化“針對檢索式”閱讀法等眾多高效技法；每年雅思考試均在10次以上；均分8+；真題回憶準確度97%以上；貼近西式思路和語言指導學生寫作；善於幫助學生突破學術寫作思維瓶頸。講授科目有長難句、翻譯、四六級考試、閱讀和寫作；在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中，接受其培訓的所有考生中有近萬名考生取得高分。帶給學生的不只是考分的提高，更多的是對英語領悟和感知的突破。純正的英音、獨到的見解、睿智的思維和輕鬆幽默的語言，為其贏得了廣大學生的認同和喜愛。
資深考研培訓講師；
英語四六級考試天團高階講師；
雅思閱讀、雅思寫作培訓主講名師；
六級考試閱卷組成員；
深諳命題規律和解題套路，對英語的學習規律和方法見解獨特。
劉凱老師
重複是記憶之母。
用聽，用看，用心去觸控每個單詞，你便會有好的記憶。
中國人要學好英語就要有一點點變態。
介紹
課堂從不需點名，卻無人缺席
呼籲國人學習英語的態度：
英語教師很幸運也有責任與學生一同叩響世界之門
